解析美国大学TESL硕士培养的主要课程与设置理据——以曼卡托明尼苏达州立大学为例

把英语作为第二语言的教学是20世纪60年代在美国兴起并逐步走向独立的科目,它在综合相关专业的同时正在朝专业化方向发展。近年来其硕士层面的教育为全球培养了大量合格的中小学英语教师,取得了较好的成绩。本文以曼卡托明尼苏达州立大学英语系为例,并结合笔者在该系攻读TESL硕士学位时的经历,解析其主要课程及设置理据。     

常规导弹封锁机场跑道效能准则问题研究

由于没有考虑跑道的可维修性,当前所使用的跑道失效率指标具有较大局限性。如何从实战特点出发选取效能指标成为常规导弹封锁机场跑道作战效能评估的关键。首先分析了跑道抢修能力、抢修策略、道面上弹坑数及弹坑分布均匀程度对跑道恢复起降能力的影响,提出用跑道起降能力作为效能指标选取的依据,并就跑道起降能力的量化与效能指标体系的构建进行了研究,然后用实例对所建效能指标进行了验证。结果表明,该效能指标模型比之跑道失效率指标严格的定义更加贴近作战的实际情况,使用该指标能够满足常规导弹打击机场跑道作战效能评估、火力需求预测及打击方案选优等需要。     

(修，2撤3)关键几何参数对超声速膨胀器流场和性能影响的数值研究

为了揭示关键几何参数对超声速膨胀器流动特性影响的规律,对3种隔板安装角和5种出进口面积比超声速膨胀器设计工况下的流场进行了数值研究。结果表明：随隔板安装角增加,斜激波向出口迁移,斜激波强度略有降低,超声速膨胀器膨胀比减小,效率提高;随出进口面积比增加,流道内高速区显著扩大并逐渐靠近压力面,斜激波增强,出口流动损失增加,超声速膨胀器膨胀比增大,效率降低。为获得综合性能较优超声速膨胀器结构,需在较小出进口面积比和较大隔板安装角之间做折衷选择。     

基于眼图的数字通信干扰效能指标构建与评估

针对数字通信干扰效能评估难度大的问题,分析眼图测量技术基本原理,提出一种基于眼图测量技术的数字通信干扰效能评估方法。从通信侦察的便捷性、直观性、有效性出发,选择部分眼图测量参数,构建通信工作效能评估指标模型。运用Matlab/Simulink构建数字通信仿真系统,检测不同信噪比条件下各指标模型随通信误码率变化的敏感程度,从中选择最佳指标用于数字通信干扰效能评估,构建干扰效能评估指标模型,简要开展干扰效能评估研究。     

基于网络抗毁性的装备贡献度评价

高新技术的应用使装备间关联关系更加复杂,武器装备论证更加困难。装备对体系贡献度研究为武器装备论证发展提供了新思路。基于作战环思想构建武器装备体系作战网络模型,同时完成作战环理论所划分的同类型装备的网络化建模,提出复杂网络背景下装备贡献度的定义及基于网络抗毁性的贡献度评价方法,通过美国国家导弹防御系统进行算例分析来验证该方法的可行性。结果显示,不同装备对体系的贡献度大小可以通过复杂网络模型进行预判。     

“Effing” the military: a political misunderstanding of management

The use of commercial business management techniques is widespread in all government departments, including the Ministry of Defence. This article examines the use of popular management techniques in the Armed Forces and argues that their application is misplaced. It looks at what the “effs” – “efficiency” and “effectiveness” – mean in the business world and to the Armed Forces. It compares the definitions both in business and the Armed Forces and finds that there are few, if any, situations where the same measurements can be applied. Whilst many management techniques are suited for business, the function of the Armed Forces and its output cannot be measured in the same way, complicated by the different metrics of “efficiency” in peace and in war. This difference may not be clearly understood by some politicians, or indeed by some senior military personnel. Using examples from some of the most popular management techniques such as “Lean” and “Agile” it is possible to see that their use might actually diminish the capabilities of the Armed Forces when it comes to performing their principal role – the use of force to achieve political objectives.     

Military Expenditure,Economic Growth and Heterogeneity

This paper examines the impact of military expenditure on economic growth on a large balanced panel, using an exogenous growth model and dynamic panel data methods for 106 countries over the period 1988–2010. A major focus of the paper is to consider the possibility group heterogeneity and non-linearity. Having estimated the model for all of the countries in the panel and finding that military burden has a negative effect on growth in the short and long run, the panel is broken down into various groupings based upon a range of potentially relevant factors, and the robustness of the results is evaluated. The factors considered are different levels of income, conflict experience, natural resources abundance, openness and aid. The estimates for the different groups are remarkably consistent with those for the whole panel, providing strong support for the argument that military spending has adverse effects on growth. There are, however, some intriguing results that suggest that for certain types of countries military spending has no significant effect on growth.     

Resource rents,institutions, and violent civil conflicts

Natural resources have been blamed for inducing slow growth and sparking civil conflicts and violence. This paper first develops a model to account for the hazard of armed civil conflicts as a manifestation of the natural resource curse, which is mediated by the quality of both economic and political institutions. We then use recently published data on institutional quality and natural resource rents to measure the potential impact of the resource curse on violent civil conflicts using a panel of data for over 100 countries in the period 1970–2010. Our model explicitly accounts for the role of good economic and political institutions in deterring the recourse to violence as well as the extent to which they might weaken the resource rents effect.     

高超声速飞行器新息滤波交互式多模型跟踪算法

研究临近空间高超声速飞行器在运动特点,针对强杂波环境下高速、高机动目标跟踪问题,提出用新息滤波减小观测噪声以修正模型概率更新过程的算法。Monte-Carlo仿真结果表明:该算法可以有效减小量测噪声对系统滤波的影响,提高滤波精度,在临近空间强杂波环境下具有较好的跟踪精度,具有一定工程实用价值。     

基于三对Bell态纠缠交换的QDKD方案

提出了一种基于三对Bell态纠缠交换的量子确定性密钥分发方案(Quantum Deterministic Key Distribution,QDKD),该方案充分利用量子纠缠交换的原理,通过对三对Bell态进行纠缠、测量操作,并辅以经典信息实现确定性密钥的分发,方案中任何窃听行为都会被及时发现。同基于两对Bell态纠缠交换的QDKD方案相比,协议利用三对Bell态并使用两种方法实现确定性密钥信息的分发。分析结果表明,方案仅用到两粒子纠缠态,没有涉及任何幺正操作,操作性强,密钥分发效率高。